Other features new to Explorer include customizable toolbars, auto-complete in address bar and Run box, advanced file type association features and a Places bar in common dialogs.
The "Web-style" folders view, with the left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane. Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in Windows Vista , Windows had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files, enabled by default.
However, such a previewer can be enabled in previous versions of Windows with the Windows Desktop Update installed through the use of folder customization templates. The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments; this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE structured storage stream, if the file is a structured storage document.
All Microsoft Office documents since Office 4. File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. The shell introduces extensibility support through metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in Explorer Details view. The right pane of Windows Explorer, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized.
For example, the contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer.
It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using DIV elements in folder template files. This degree of customizability is new to Windows ; neither Windows 98 nor the Desktop Update could provide it. The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database.
Windows supports disk quotas , which can be set via the "Quota" tab found in the hard disk properties dialog box. Microsoft released the version 3. Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros.
Reparse points allow the object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another.
It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user. To date, its encryption has not been compromised. EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK , which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher were used.
The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built in to EFS.
A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key. By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using Group Policy.. Windows introduced the Logical Disk Manager and the diskpart command line tool for dynamic storage. All versions of Windows support three types of dynamic disk volumes along with basic disks : simple volumes , spanned volumes and striped volumes :.
In addition to these disk volumes, Windows Server , Windows Advanced Server , and Windows Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes and striped volumes with parity :. With Windows , Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility features for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities into the NT-line of operating systems. It also has support for many different locales.
Windows included version 7. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9. The majority of games written for versions of DirectX 9.
The Windows Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. It is pictured here starting a disk defragmentation. Windows introduced the Microsoft Management Console MMC , which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools. Each of these is called a console , and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows computers from one centralized computer.
Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins. These can be either standalone with one function , or an extension adding functions to an existing snap-in. In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode.
Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console.
Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console. The main tools that come with Windows can be found in the Computer Management console in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel. It contains Disk Management and Removable Storage snap-ins, a disk defragmenter as well as a performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts.
It also contains a service configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. REGEDIT has a left-side tree view of the Windows registry , lists all loaded hives and represents the three components of a value its name, type, and data as separate columns of a table.
REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings. It is a command line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism. It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder.
The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk.
Windows introduced Windows Script Host 2. Screenshot of Windows Server When users try to access a network share off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and share.
Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers within the domain — this provides fault tolerance to DFS. DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. A new way of organizing Windows network domains , or groups of resources, called Active Directory, is introduced with Windows to replace Windows NT's earlier domain model.
Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. It is one of the main reasons many corporations migrated to Windows User information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like function to end users.
Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions. Active Directory can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous domain name space to form trees. Groups of trees outside of the same namespace can be linked together to form forests. Active Directory services could always be installed on a Windows Server , Advanced Server , or Datacenter Server computer, and cannot be installed on a Windows Professional computer.
However, Windows Professional is the first client operating system able to exploit Active Directory's new features. As part of an organization's migration, Windows NT clients continued to function until all clients were upgraded to Windows Professional, at which point the Active Directory domain could be switched to native mode and maximum functionality achieved. There should be one or more domain controllers to hold the Active Directory database and provide Active Directory directory services.
Along with support for simple, spanned and striped volumes, the server family of Windows also supports fault-tolerant volume types. The types supported are mirrored volumes and RAID-5 volumes :. Windows can be deployed to a site via various methods. It can be installed onto servers via traditional media such as CD or via distribution folders that reside on a shared folder. Installations can be attended or unattended. During a manual installation, the administrator must specify configuration options.
Unattended installations are scripted via an answer file , or a predefined script in the form of an INI file that has all the options filled in. An answer file can be created manually or using the graphical Setup manager. The Winnt. The ability to slipstream a service pack into the original operating system setup files is also introduced in Windows The Sysprep method is started on a standardized reference computer — though the hardware need not be similar — and it copies the required installation files from the reference computer to the target computers.
The hard drive does not need to be in the target computer and may be swapped out to it at any time, with the hardware configured later. Sysprep allows the duplication of a disk image on an existing Windows Server installation to multiple servers. This means that all applications and system configuration settings will be copied across to the new installations, and thus, the reference and target computers must have the same HALs , ACPI support, and mass storage devices — though Windows automatically detects " plug and play " devices.
The primary reason for using Sysprep is to quickly deploy Windows to a site that has multiple computers with standard hardware. Systems Management Server can be used to upgrade multiple computers to Windows These must be running Windows NT 3.
Using SMS allows installations over a wide area and provides centralised control over upgrades to systems. Remote Installation Services RIS are a means to automatically install Windows Professional and not Windows Server to a local computer over a network from a central server.
Images do not have to support specific hardware configurations and the security settings can be configured after the computer reboots as the service generates a new unique security ID SID for the machine.
This is required so that local accounts are given the right identifier and do not clash with other Windows Professional computers on a network. RIS requires that client computers are able to boot over the network via either a network interface card that has a Pre-Boot Execution Environment PXE boot ROM installed or that the client computer has a network card installed that is supported by the remote boot disk generator. The remote computer must also meet the Net PC specification.
Microsoft released various editions of Windows for different markets and business needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Each was packaged separately. Windows Professional was designed as the desktop operating system for businesses and power users.
It is the client version of Windows It offers greater security and stability than many of the previous Windows desktop operating systems. Windows Server shares the same user interface with Windows Professional, but contains additional components for the computer to perform server roles and run infrastructure and application software.
This also provided a purely transitive-trust relationship between Windows domains in a forest a collection of one or more Windows domains that share a common schema , configuration, and global catalog , being linked with two-way transitive trusts. Windows Server supports up to 4 processors, requires MB of RAM and 1 GB hard disk space, however requirements may be higher depending on installed components. Windows Advanced Server is a variant of Windows Server operating system designed for medium-to-large businesses.
It offers clustering infrastructure for high availability and scalability of applications and services, including main memory support of up to 8 gigabytes GB on Physical Address Extension PAE systems and the ability to do 8-way SMP. System requirements are similar to those of Windows Server , however they may need to be higher to scale to larger infrastructure.
Windows Datacenter Server is a variant of Windows Server designed for large businesses that move large quantities of confidential or sensitive data frequently via a central server. Like Advanced Server, it supports clustering , failover and load balancing. Products with defined end-of-support dates at the time of release. Skip to main content. This browser is no longer supported. Download Microsoft Edge More info. Microsoft Lifecycle Policy Consistent and predictable guidelines for the availability of support throughout the life of a product.
Search by Product Find Lifecycle Policy information about a product. Modern Policy Products with continuous support and servicing. Fixed Policy Products with defined end-of-support dates at the time of release. Announcements Office and Skype for Business end of support on April 11,
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